Ergo in 5 Minutes: Why It Matters & How It Works
Learn how to write secure and efficient smart contracts with ErgoScript. This comprehensive guide covers everything from basic syntax to advanced DeFi patterns.
Table of Contents
Introduction
ErgoScript is a powerful smart contract language that combines the security of Bitcoin's UTXO model with the flexibility needed for complex DeFi applications. Unlike account-based models, ErgoScript provides predictable execution costs and enhanced security through its functional approach.
In this guide, you'll learn how to write secure contracts in 30% less code compared to traditional smart contract languages, while maintaining the highest security standards.
Basic Concepts
Before diving into ErgoScript, let's establish the fundamental concepts that make it unique.
Syntax Overview
ErgoScript uses a Scala-like syntax that's both familiar and powerful. Here's a simple example:
{
val deadline = 1000000
val pkAlice = proveDlog(alicePubKey)
sigmaProp(
HEIGHT > deadline && pkAlice
)
}Key Insight
Data Types
ErgoScript supports a rich type system including integers, booleans, collections, and cryptographic types:
| Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Int | 64-bit integer | 42 |
| Boolean | True or false | true |
| GroupElement | Public key | pkAlice |
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Advanced Patterns
Now that we've covered the basics, let's explore advanced patterns used in production DeFi protocols.
Multi-Signature Contracts
Multi-signature contracts are essential for secure treasury management and DAO governance:
{
val alice = proveDlog(alicePubKey)
val bob = proveDlog(bobPubKey)
val carol = proveDlog(carolPubKey)
atLeast(
2,
Coll(alice, bob, carol)
)
}Security Note
DeFi Patterns
ErgoScript excels at implementing complex DeFi logic. Here's a simple AMM pool contract:
{
val feeNum = 997
val feeDenom = 1000
val deltaX = SELF.tokens(0)._2 - OUTPUTS(0).tokens(0)._2
val deltaY = SELF.tokens(1)._2 - OUTPUTS(0).tokens(1)._2
val validSwap = deltaX * deltaY * feeNum >=
SELF.tokens(0)._2 * SELF.tokens(1)._2 * feeDenom
sigmaProp(validSwap)
}Best Practices
Use Context Variables
Gas Optimization
Avoid Common Pitfalls
Testing & Deployment
Thorough testing is crucial for smart contract security. Use the Ergo Playground for quick iterations:
Frequently Asked Questions
How is ErgoScript different from Solidity?
ErgoScript uses a UTXO model with functional programming, offering better predictability and security. Solidity uses an account model with imperative programming, which is more flexible but prone to reentrancy attacks.
What tools do I need to start?
You'll need an Ergo node (or access to a public one), the Ergo Playground for testing, and either Ergo AppKit or ergo-lib for application development.
How much does deployment cost?
Deployment costs are minimal - typically less than 0.001 ERG. The exact cost depends on the script complexity and current network conditions.
Can I call other contracts?
Yes! ErgoScript supports composability through input/output validation. You can reference other boxes (UTXOs) and validate their scripts within your contract.
Where can I test my contracts?
Use the Ergo Playground for quick tests, deploy to testnet for integration testing, and consider using property-based testing with ScalaCheck for comprehensive coverage.
What to do next
You now have the foundation to build secure smart contracts on Ergo. Start with simple contracts and gradually work your way up to complex DeFi protocols.
Ergo Team
Core Team
Passionate about blockchain technology and decentralized systems. Building the future of programmable money on Ergo.